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''De minimis'' is a Latin expression meaning ''about minimal things'', normally in the locutions ''de minimis non curat praetor'' ("The praetor does not concern himself with trifles") or ''de minimis non curat lex'' ("The law does not concern itself with trifles"). Queen Christina of Sweden (r. 1633–1654) favoured the similar Latin adage, ''aquila non captat muscas'' (the eagle does not catch flies). In risk assessment, it refers to a level of risk that is too small to be concerned with. Some refer to this as a "virtually safe" level.〔National Library of Medicine (Toxicology Glossary – Risk ''De minimis'' ) Retrieved on 14 July 2007.〕 == Examples of application of the ''de minimis'' rule == In criminology, the ''de minimis'' or ''minimalist'' approach is an addition to a general harm principle. The general harm principle fails to consider the possibility of other sanctions to prevent harm, and the effectiveness of criminalization as a chosen option. Those other sanctions include civil courts, laws of tort and regulation. Having criminal remedies in place is seen as a "last resort" since such actions often infringe personal liberties – incarceration, for example, prevents the freedom of movement. In this sense, law making that places a greater emphasis on human rights, such as the European Convention on Human Rights fall into the ''de minimis'' category. Most crimes of direct actions (murder, rape, assault, for example) are generally not affected by such a stance, but it does require greater justification in less clear cases. This also has application in the field of auditing and may refer to situations of a low audit risk. It can be verified in ASA 1. Under U.S. tax rules, the ''de minimis'' rule governs the treatment of small amounts of market discount. Under the rule, if a bond is purchased with a small amount of market discount (an amount less than 0.25% of the face value of a bond times the number of complete years between the bond’s acquisition date and its maturity date) the market discount is considered to be zero. If the market discount is less than the ''de minimis'' amount, the discount on the bond is generally treated as a capital gain upon disposition or redemption rather than as ordinary income.〔Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association — Investing in Bonds (The ''de minimis'' rule ) Retrieved on 29 July 2007.〕 Under Internal Revenue Service guidelines, the ''de minimis'' rule can also apply to any benefit, property, or service provided to an employee that has so little value that reporting for it would be unreasonable or administratively impracticable; for example, use of a company photocopier to copy personal documents – see ''de minimis'' fringe benefit. Cash is not excludable, regardless of the amount.〔Society for Human Resource Management (''De minimis'' rule ) Retrieved on 28 July 2007.〕 Turning specifically to U.S. State income tax, ''de minimis'' refers to the point at which withholdings should be initiated for a nonresident working in a state which taxes personal income. Not all U.S. states levy income taxes, and there's little consistency among nonresident ''de minimis'' standards for those that do. Some states base ''de minimis'' on the number of days worked (although the definition of what counts as a workday has been controversial〔(New York State Updates Guidance on 14-Day Withholding Threshold ). Retrieved on 25 July 2012.〕), others on the dollars earned or a percentage of total income derived from work in the state, still others using a combination of methods. These inconsistencies have led to repeated attempts to pass the so-called Mobile Workforce State Income Tax Simplification Act〔(114th Congress: HR 2315 / S 386 ). Retrieved on 14 September 2015.〕 without success. The ''de minimis'' rule in North American drug law requires a ''usable'' quantity of the substance in question before charges can be brought, known as the ''minority rule''. In Canada, ''de minimis'' is often used as a standard of whether a criminal offence is made out at a preliminary stage. For a charge of second degree murder, the test being: "could the jury reasonably conclude that accused actions were a contributing cause, beyond ''de minimis'', of the victim's death."〔(''R. v. J.S.R. (a young person)'', 2008 ONCA 544 ), 7 July 2008, from the Canadian Legal Information Institute〕 In Great Britain following bus deregulation in 1986, small contracts for supplementary local bus services could be let by local authorities without competitive tendering. The Department for Transport's "''Guidance on New De Minimis Rules for Busy Subsidy Contracts''" (2004) notes that ''"The 1985 Transport Act (as amended by the 2000 Transport Act) introduced the provisions which govern the duties of local passenger transport authorities to secure local bus services where these would not otherwise be met. In the majority of cases these services have to be secured through competitive tender. The Service Subsidy Agreements (Tendering) Regulations provided local authorities with the scope to let any individual bus subsidy contract in any one year up to a certain maximum value without the need to competitively tender (the de minimis limits). There was also a maximum value that de minimis contracts could be let with any one operator in any one year."'' Under the de minimis provision of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture there is no requirement to cap trade-distorting domestic support in any year during which the value of support does not exceed a certain percentage (5–10%) of the national production value per product or of all products taken together if the support is not attributable to any specific product category. Under European Union competition law, some agreements infringing Article 101(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (formerly Article 81(1) of the EC Treaty) are considered to be "''de minimis''" and therefore accepted. Horizontal agreement, that is one between competitors, will usually be ''de minimis'' where the parties’ market share is 10% or less, and a vertical agreement, between undertakings operating at different levels of the market, where it is 15% or less. The European Union ''de minimis'' "state aid" regulation allows for aid of up to €200,000 to be provided from public funds to any business enterprise over a rolling three-year period. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「De minimis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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